Publications
An oxygen "trap door" found in the Labrador Sea
Nature GeoScience:
CERC Researchers compare Nutrient analysis and protocols
Earth System Science Data:
2023
Chua, A., MacNeil, A. M., & Wallace, D. (2023). Low-cost Marine Robotic Vehicles for Rapid Assessment of Submesoscale Ocean Processes. The Journal of Ocean Technology, 18(3).
P.J. Duke, B. Richaud, R. Arruda, J. Länger, K. Schuler, P. Gooya, M.M.M. Ahmed, M.R. Miller, C.A. Braybrook, K. Kam, R. Piunno, Y. Sezginer, G. Nickoloff, and A.C. Franco (2023). Canada's marine carbon sink: an early career perspective on the state of research and existing knowledge gaps. FACETS. 8(): 1-21.
Sonnichsen, C., Atamanchuk, D., Hendricks, A., Morgan, S., Smith, J., Grundke, I., Luy, E., & Sieben, V. J. (2023). An Automated Microfluidic Analyzer for In Situ Monitoring of Total Alkalinity. ACS Sensors. American Chemical Society (ACS).
Previous Years
2022
Jutras, M., Mucci, A., Chaillou, G.,Nesbitt, W.A., Wallace, D.W.R. (2022). Temporal and spatial evolution of bottom-water hypoxia in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence. EGUsphere: 1-16. doi:
Clarke, S.B., Nesbitt, W.A., Efitre, J., Masette, M., and Chapman, L.J. (2022). Elemental composition of small pelagic fishes in three East African lakes: Implications for nutritional security.Fisheries Research.256: 106479. doi:
Nesbitt, W.A., Clarke, S.B., and Chapman, L.J. (2022). Comparison of calcium concentration in scales and vertebral column of a cyprinid from calcium-limited environments in the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda.African Journal of Aquatic Science.47(1): 115-122. doi:
Palevsky, H.I., Clayton, S., Atamanchuk, D., Battisti, R., Batryn, J., Bourbonnais, A. et al (2022) OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data: Best Practices & User Guide, Version 1.0.0. Ocean Observatories Initiative, Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group, 134pp. DOI:
Koelling, J., Atamanchuk, D., Karstensen, J., Handmann, P., & Wallace, D.W.R. (2022). Oxygen export to the deep ocean following Labrador Sea Water formation. Biogeosciences, 19(2), 437–454.
2021
Raimondi, L., Tanhua, T., Azetsu-Scott, K., Yashayaev, I., & Wallace, D. W. R. (2021). A 30-year time series of transient tracer-based estimates of anthropogenic carbon in the Central Labrador Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 126, e2020JC017092. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JC017092
Nesbitt, W.A. and Mucci, A. (2021). Direct evidence of sediment carbonate dissolution in response to bottom-water acidification in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences. 58(1): 84-92. doi:
Haas, S., Robicheau, B. M., Rakshit, S., Tolman, J., Algar, C. K., LaRoche, J., & Wallace, D. W. (2021). Physical mixing in coastal waters controls and decouples nitrification via biomass dilution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 118(18): e2004877118
Nesbitt, W.A., Clarke, S.B., and Chapman, L.J. (2021). Comparison of calcium concentration in scales and vertebral column of cyprinid from calcium-limited environments in the Lake Victoria Basin, Uganda. African Journal of Aquatic Science. (Online First Article. Published online on Dec.9.2021). doi:
Deman F, Fonseca-Batista D, Roukaerts A, García-Ibáñez M I, Le Roy E, Thilakarathne E P D N, Elskens M, Dehairs F, Fripiat F. 2021.Nitrate Supply Routes and Impact of Internal Cycling in the North Atlantic Ocean Inferred From Nitrate Isotopic Composition. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 35 (4)
2020
Howarth, L. M., Filgueira, R., Haas, S., Berry, H. B., McKee, A., Steeves, L., & Grant, J. (2020). The effects of incubation time, temperature and nitrogen concentration on the isotopic signature (δ15N) of the macroalga Chondrus crispus. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 530, 151431.
Chu, S.N., Sutton, A.J., Alin, S.R., Lawrence‐Slavas, N., Atamanchuk, D., Mickett, J.B., Newton, J.A., Meinig, C., Stalin, S. and Tengberg, A. (2020), Field evaluation of a low‐powered, profiling pCO2 system in coastal Washington. Limnol Oceanogr Methods. doi:
Atamanchuk, D., Koelling, J., Send, U. and Wallace, D. W. R..Rapid transfer of oxygen to the deep ocean mediated by bubbles. Nature Geoscience.(2020).
2019
Arruda, R., Atamanchuk, D., Cronin, M., Steinhoff, T. and Wallace, D.W.R. (2019), At‐sea intercomparison of three underway pCO2 systems. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.
Santos, K., Reedman, A., & Wallace, D. (2019). The Canadian Integrated Ocean Observing System: Background, Current Status, and Future Scenarios. The Journal of Ocean Technology, 14(4), 1–14.
Haas, S., Desai, D. K., LaRoche, J., Pawlowicz, R., & Wallace, D. W. (2019). Geomicrobiology of the carbon, nitrogen and sulphur cycles in Powell Lake: a permanently stratified water column containing ancient seawater. Environmental Microbiology 21(10): 3927-3952.
Sastri, Akash R., Christian, James R., Achterberg, Eric P., Atamanchuk, Dariia, Buck, Justin J. H., Bresnahan, Philip, Duke, Patrick J., Evans, Wiley, Gonski, Stephen F., Johnson, Bruce, Juniper, S. Kim, Mihaly, Steve, Miller, Lisa A., Morley, Mike, Murphy, Dave, Nakaoka, Shin-ichiro, Ono, Tsuneo, Parker, George, Simpson, Kyle, Tsunoda, Tomohiko. 2019. Perspectives on in situ Sensors for Ocean Acidification Research. Frontiers in Marine Science.
Cheng, L., Normandeau, C., Bowden, R., Doucett, R., Gallagher, B., Gillikin, D.P., Kumamoto, Y., McKay, J.L., Middlestead, P., Ninnemann, U., Nothaft, D., Dubinina, E.O., Quay, P., Reverdin, G., Shirai, K., Mørkved, P.T., Theiling, B.P., van Geldern, R., and Wallace, D.W.R. 2019. An international intercomparison of stable carbon isotope composition measurements of dissolved inorganic carbon in seawater. Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.
McGrath, T., Cronin, M., Kerrigan, E., Wallace, D., Gregory, C., Normandeau, C., McGovern, E. 2019. A rare intercomparison of nutrient analysis at sea: lessons learned and recommendations to enhance comparability of open-ocean nutrient data. Earth System Science Data.
Raimondi, L., Matthews, J.B.R., Atamanchuk, D., Azetsu-Scott, K., and Wallace, D.W.R. 2019. The internal consistency of the marine carbon dioxide system for high latitude shipboard and in situ monitoring. Marine Chemistry.
2018
Madeleine M. Nilsson, M. Kononets, N. Ekeroth, L. Viktorsson, A. Hylén, S. Sommer, O. Pfannkuche, E. Almroth-Rosell, D. Atamanchuk, J.H. Andersson, P. Roos, A. Tengberg, P.O.J. Hall, Organic carbon recycling in Baltic Sea sediments – An integrated estimate on the system scale based on in situ measurements, Marine Chemistry, 2018,
Shi, Q., & Wallace, D. (2018). A 3-year time series of volatile organic iodocarbons in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia: A northwestern Atlantic fjord. Ocean Science, 14(6), 1385–1403. doi:
Lotze, H. K., Guest, H., O'Leary, J., Tuda, A., & Wallace, D. (2018). Public perceptions of marine threats and protection from around the world. Ocean & Coastal Management, 152, 14-22.
2017
Kerrigan, E. A., Kienast, M., Thomas, H., & Wallace, D. W. (2017). Using oxygen isotopes to establish freshwater sources in Bedford Basin, Nova Scotia, a Northwestern Atlantic fjord. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science.
Ibrahim Sadiek, Qiang Shi, Douglas Wallace, Gernot Friedrichs. "Quantitative Mid-Infrared Cavity Ringdown Detection of Methyl Iodide for Monitoring Applications." Analytical Chemistry (2017).
Jannes Koelling, Douglas WR Wallace, Uwe Send, and Johannes Karstensen. Intense oceanic uptake of oxygen during 2014–2015 winter convection in the Labrador Sea. Geophysical Research Letters (2017).
Peter J Thomas, Dariia Atamanchuk, Jostein Hovdenes, Anders Tengberg, The use of novel optode sensor technologies for monitoring dissolved carbon dioxide and ammonia concentrations under live haul conditions, Aquacultural Engineering (2017) doi:10.1016/j.aquaeng.2017.02.004
2016
Turk, D., Bedard, J., Burt, W.J., Vagle, S., Thomas, H., Azetsu-Scott, K., McGillis, W.R., Iverson, S.J.,Wallace, D.W.R., Inorganic carbon in a high latitude estuary-fjord system in Canada's eastern Arctic, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science (2016), doi: 10.1016/j.ecss.2016.06.006.
Peeters F,Atamanchuk D, Tengberg A,Encinas-FernaÂndez J, Hofmann H (2016) LakeMetabolism: Comparison of Lake Metabolic RatesEstimated from a Diel CO2- and the Common DielO2-Technique. PLoS ONE 11(12): e0168393. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168393
Tsunogai, U., Cheng, L., Ito, M., Komatsu, D. D., Nakagawa, F., & Shinohara, H. (2016). Remote determinations on fumarole outlet temperatures in an eruptive volcano. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(22).
2015
Atamanchuk D, Kononets M, Thomas PJ, Hovdenes J, Tengberg A, Hall POJ, Continuous long-term observations of the carbonate system dynamics in the water column of a temperate fjord, Journal of Marine Systems, 2015 (148), pp 272-284.
Fuhlbrügge, S., B. Quack, S. Tegtmeier, E. Atlas, H. Hepach,Q. Shi, S. Raimund, and K. Krüger. The contribution of oceanic halocarbons to marine and free troposphere air over the tropical West Pacific. Atlmospheric Chemistry and Physics.15, 17887-17943.
Guest, H., Lotze, HK, andD. Wallace(2015), Youth and the Sea: Ocean Literacy in Nova Scotia, Canada. Marine Policy. 58: 98 - 107.
Karstensen, J., Fiedler, B., Schütte, F., Brandt, P., Körtzinger, A., Fischer, G., Zantopp, R., Hahn, J., Visbeck, M., andWallace, D.(2015).Open ocean dead zones in the tropical North Atlantic Ocean, Biogeosciences, 12, 2597-2605,.
Langlois, R., T. Großkopf, M. Mills, S. Takeda,J. LaRoche, Widespread distribution and expression of Gamma A (UMB), an uncultured diazotrophic, γ-proteobacterial nifH phylotype, PLOS One, DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128912.
Martz, T.R., K.L. Daly, R.H. Byrne, J.H. Stillman, andD. Turk(2015), Technology for OA Research: Needs and Availability, Oceanography 28(2):40–47,.
Ratten, J., J.LaRoche, D.Desai, R. Shelley, W. Landing, E. Boyle, G. Cutter andR. J. Langlois, Sources of iron and phosphate affect the distribution of diazotrophs in theNorth Atlantic, DSRII, 116, 332-341, 2015.
Turk, D., K.K. Yates, M. Vega-Rodriguez, G. Toro-Farmer, N. Melo,C. L’Esperance, D. Ramsewak, M. Dowd, S. Cerdeira Estrada, F.E. Muller-Karger, S. Hertwitz and W.R. McGillis, Community metabolism in shallow coral reef and seagrass ecosystems in the Lower Florida Keys (2015), Marine Ecology Progress Series, doi: 10.3354/meps11385.
Visbeck, M... et al., and D. Wallace. (2015). More Integrated and More Sustainable Atlantic Ocean Observing (AtlantOS). CLIVAR Exchanges 67 (2), 18 - 20.
Walker, S. A., Azetsu-Scott, K.,Normandeau, C., Kelley, D. E., Friedrich, R., Newton, R., Schlosser, P., McKay, J. L., Abdi, W.,Kerrigan, E.,Craig, S. E.and Wallace, D. W. R.(2015), Oxygen isotope measurements of seawater ( H218O/ H216O): A comparison of cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Limnology and Oceanography: Methods.
2014
Bakker, DCE... et al., and D. Wallace (2014). The Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT Version 2). Earth System Science Data 6: 69 - 90..
Barnes, B.B., Hu, C., Cannizzaro, J.P.,Craig, S.E., Muller, P., Jones, D., Lehrter, J.C., Melo, N., Schaeffer, B.A., Zepp, R. (2014). Estimation of diffuse attenuation of ultraviolet light in optically shallow Florida Keys waters from MODIS measurements. Remote Sensing of Environment, 140, 519-532..
Garçon, V.C... et al., and D. Wallace."Perspectives and integration in SOLAS science."Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. 247-306.
Georges, A. A., El-Swais, H.,Craig, S. E., Li, W. K. W., & Walsh, D. A. (2014). Metaproteomic analysis of a winter to spring pilipiliion in coastal northwest Atlantic Ocean microbial plankton. ISME Journal. doi: 10.1038/ismej.2013.234
Hartman, S.E., Z.-P. Jiang, D. Turk, R. S. Lampitt, H. Frigstad, C. Ostle, Biogeochemical variations at the Porcupine Abyssal Plain Sustained Observatory (PAP-SO) in the northeast Atlantic Ocean, from weekly to inter-annual time scales (2014), Biogeosciences Discuss., 11, 12415–12439, doi:10.5194/bgd-11-12415-2014
Hepach,H., Quack,B., Ziska,F., Fuhlbrügge,S., Atlas,E.L., Krüger,K., Peeken,I., andWallace,D.W.R.: Drivers of diel and regional variations of halocarbon emissions from the tropical North East Atlantic, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 1255-1275, doi:10.5194/acp-14-1255-2014, 2014.
Holtappels, M., L. Tiano, T. Kalvelage, G Lavik, N. P. Revsbech and M. M. M. Kuypers (2014) Aquatic Respiration Rate Measurements at Low Oxygen Concentrations. PLOS ONE, 9 (2): e89369.
Ibarra DA, Fennel K, Cullen JJ (2014) Coupling 3-D Eulerian bio-physics (ROMS) with individual-based shellfishecophysiology (SHELL-E): A hybrid model for carrying capacity and environmental impacts of bivalveaquaculture. Ecological Modelling. 273:63-78.
Jones, C. T.,Craig, S. E., Barnett, A. B., MacIntyre, H. L., & Cullen, J. J. (2014). Curvature in models of the photosynthesis-irradiance response. Journal of Phycology. doi: 10.1111/jpy.12164
Jiang, Z-P, D. J. Hydes, M. C. Hartman, S. E. Hartman, J. M. Campbell, B. D. Johnson, B. Schofield, D. Turk, D. W. R. Wallace, W. Burt, H. Thomas, C. Cosca, R. Feely, Application and assessment of the membrane-based ProOceanus CO2-ProTM sensor for partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) under field and laboratory conditions, Limnol. Oceanogr:Methods 12:264-280 (2014) | DOI: 10.4319/lom.2014.12.264.
Ogrinc, N., S. Tamse, L. Walter, D. Turk, J. Faganeli (2014), River sources of dissolved inorganic carbon in the Gulf of Trieste (N Adriatic): stable carbon isotope evidence, Estuaries and Coasts, DOI 10.1007/s12237-014-9812-7
Shi, Q., C. Marandino, G. Petrick, B. Quack, and D. Wallace (2014), A time series of incubation experiments to examine the production and loss of CH3I in surface seawater, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, 8242– 8254, doi:.
Shi, Q., G. Petrick, B. Quack, C. Marandino, andD. Wallace(2014), Seasonal variability of methyl iodide in the Kiel Fjord, J. Geophys. Res. Oceans, 119, doi:.
2013
Bakker, D. C. E., Pfeil, B., Smith, K., Hankin, S., Olsen, A., Alin, S. R., Cosca, C., Harasawa, S., Kozyr, A., Nojiri, Y., O'Brien, K. M., Schuster, U., Telszewski, M., Tilbrook, B., Wada, C., Akl, J., Barbero, L., Bates, N., Boutin, J., Cai, W.-J., Castle, R. D., Chavez, F. P., Chen, L., Chierici, M., Currie, K., de Baar, H. J. W., Evans, W., Feely, R. A., Fransson, A., Gao, Z., Hales, B., Hardman-Mountford, N., Hoppema, M., Huang, W.-J., Hunt, C. W., Huss, B., Ichikawa, T., Johannessen, T., Jones, E. M., Jones, S. D., Jutterström, S., Kitidis, V., Körtzinger, A., Landschtzer, P., Lauvset, S. K., Lefèvre, N., Manke, A. B., Mathis, J. T., Merlivat, L., Metzl, N., Murata, A., Newberger, T., Ono, T., Park, G.-H., Paterson, K., Pierrot, D., Ríos, A. F., Sabine, C. L., Saito, S., Salisbury, J., Sarma, V. V. S. S., Schlitzer, R., Sieger, R., Skjelvan, I., Steinhoff, T., Sullivan, K., Sun, H., Sutton, A. J., Suzuki, T., Sweeney, C., Takahashi, T., Tjiputra, J., Tsurushima, N., van Heuven, S. M. A. C., Vandemark, D., Vlahos, P., Wallace, D. W. R., Wanninkhof, R., and Watson, A. J.: An update to the Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT version 2), Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 6, 465-512, doi:10.5194/essdd-6-465-2013, 2013.
Fichot, C.G., K. Kaiser, S.B. Hooker, R.M.W. Amon, M. Babin, S., Belanger, S.A. Walker, R. Benner (2013), Pan-Artic distributions of continental runoff in the Arctic Ocean, Scientific Reports 3, Article number: 1053, .
Hooker, S.B., L. Clementson, C.S. Thomas, L. Schlüter, M. Allerup, J. Ras, H. Claustre,C. Normandeau, J. Cullen, M. Kienast, W. Kozlowski, M. Vernet, S. Chakraborty, S. Lohrenz, M. Tuel, D. Redalje, P. Cartaxana, C.R. Mendes, V. Brotas, S.G. Prabhu Matondkar, S.G. Parab, A. Neeley, and E. Skarstad Egeland, 2012. The Fifth SeaWiFS HPLC Analysis Round-Robin Experiment (SeaHARRE-5), NASA Tech. Memo 2012-217503, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, (in press).
Jenkins, W. J., and D. W. R. Wallace. "TRACER BASED INFERENCES OF NEW PRIMARY PRODUCTION." Primary Productivity and Biogeochemical Cycles in the Sea 43 (2013): 299.
Tegtmeier, S., K. Krüger, B. Quack, E. Atlas, D. R. Blake, H. Boenisch, A. Engel, H. Hepach, R. Hossaini, M. A. Navarro, S. Raimund, S. Sala, Q. Shi, and F. Ziska. (2013). The contribution of oceanic methyl iodide to stratospheric iodine. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 13, 11427 - 11471. doi:10.5194/acpd-13-11427-2013
Turk, D., J.W. Book, and W.R. McGillis, 2013. pCO2 and CO2 exchange during high bora winds in the Northern Adriatic, J. Mar. Sys., 117-118, 65-71, .
Walker S.A., R.M.W. Amon, C. Stedmon, 2013. Variations in high latitude chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM): A comparison of large Arctic Rivers, J. Geophys. Res: Biogeosciences, 118, doi:10.1002/2013JG002320.
Ziska, F., B. Quack, K. Abrahamsson, S.D. Archer, E. Atlas, T. Bell, J.H. Butler, L.J. Carpenter, C.E. Jones, N.R.P. Harris, H. Hepach, K.G. Heumann, C. Hughes, J. Kuss, K. Krüger, P. Liss, R.M. Moore, A. Orlikowska, S. Raimund, C.E. Reeves, W. Reifenhäuser, A.D. Robinson, C. Schall, T. Tanhua, S. Tegtmeier, S. Turner, L. Wang, D. Wallace,J. Williams, H. Yamamoto, S. Yvon-Lewis, and Y. Yokouchi, 2013. Global sea-to-air flux climatology for bromoform, dibromomethane and methyl iodide, Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 8915-8934, doi:10.5194/acp-13-8915-2013.
2012
Altabet, M. A., E. Ryabenko,L. Stramma, D.W.R. Wallace, M. Frank, P. Grasse, and G. Lavik, 2012. An eddy-stimulated hotspot for fixed nitrogen-loss from the Peru oxygen minimum zone, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 8013-8038, .
Banyte, D., T. Tanhua, M. Visbeck, D.W.R. Wallace, J. Karstensen, G. Krahmann, A. Schneider, L. Stramma, and M. Dengler, 2012. Diapycnal diffusivity at the upper boundary of the tropical North Atlantic oxygen minimum zone, J. Geophys. Res., 117, C09016, .
Freing, A., D.W.R. Wallace and H. Bange, 2012. Global oceanic production of nitrous oxide, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 367, 1245-1255, .
Gierach, M. M., T. Lee, D. Turk, and M. J. McPhaden, 2012. Biological response to the 1997–98 and 2009–10 El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific Ocean, Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L10602, .
Großkopf, T., W. Mohr, T. Baustian, H. Schunck, D. Gill, M.M.M. Kuypers, G. Lavik, R.A. Schmitz, D.W.R. Wallace, J. LaRoche, 2012. Doubling of marine dinitrogen-fixation rates based on direct measurements. Nature 488, 361-364, .
Langlois, R.J., M.M. Mills, C. Ridame, P. Croot, and J. LaRoche, 2012. Diazotrophic bacteria respond to Saharan dust additions. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 470:1-14, .
Law, C.S., E. Breitbarth, L.J. Hoffmann, C.M. McGraw, R.J. Langlois, J. LaRoche,A. Marriner, K.A. Safi, 2012. No stimulation of nitrogen fixation by non-filamentous diazotrophs under elevated CO2 in the South Pacific, Global Change Biology, 18, 3004-3014,
Luo, Y.W., R.J. Langlois, et al., 2012. Database of diazotrophs in global ocean: abundances, biomass and nitrogen fixation rates, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., 5, 47–106, .
Mollier-Vogel, E., E. Ryabenko, P. Martinez, D.W.R. Wallace, M.A. Altabet, R. Schneider, 2012. Nitrogen isotope gradients off Peru and Ecuador related to upwelling, productivity, nutrient uptake and oxygen deficiency. Deep Sea Res. I, 70, 14-25,
Ryabenko, E., A. Kock, H.W. Bange, M.A. Altabet, and D.W.R. Wallace, 2012. Contrasting biogeochemistry of nitrogen in the Atlantic and Pacific oxygen minimum zones, Biogeosciences, 9, 203-215, .
Schneider, A., T. Tanhua, A. Körtzinger, D.W.R. Wallace, 2012. An evaluation of tracer fields and anthropogenic carbon in the equatorial and the tropical North Atlantic. Deep Sea Res. I, 67, 85-97.
Steinhoff, T., Bange, H. W., Kock, A., Wallace, D. W. R., and Körtzinger, A.: Biological productivity in the Mauritanian upwelling estimated with a triple gas approach, Biogeosciences Discuss., 9, 4853-4875, .
Stramma, L., E.D. Prince, S. Schmidtko, J. Luo, J.P. Hoolihan, M. Visbeck, D.W.R. Wallace, P. Brandt, A. Körtzinger, 2012. Expansion of oxygen minimum zones threatens habitat loss for tropical pelagic fishes. Nature Climate Change 2, 33–37, .
Williamson, P., D.W.R. Wallace, C.S. Law, P.W. Boyd, Y. Collos, P. Croot, K. Denman, U. Riebesell, S. Takeda, C. Vivian, 2012. Ocean fertilization for geoengineering: a review of effectiveness, environmental impacts and emerging governance, Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 90, 475-488, .