pilipiliĀž»­

 

Assessing the health of Boat Harbour

Community-based research

- March 5, 2012

Heather Castleden (left) meets with Sheila Francis, president of the PLNWA. (Bruce Bottomley photo)
Heather Castleden (left) meets with Sheila Francis, president of the PLNWA. (Bruce Bottomley photo)

In 1967, a pulp and paper mill opened in Pictou County. Its toxic waste water (known in the industry as ā€œeffluentā€) was directed into an estuary called Boat Harbour alongside Pictou Landing First Nation. This practice has continued, albeit with increasingly sophisticated treatment practices, for the last 45 years.

Today, in 2012, Dalhousieā€™s Heather Castleden has been invited by the Pictou Landing Native Womenā€™s Association (PLNWA) to help them research the effects of Boat Harbour on the health of residents. The lagoonā€™s contamination is a longstanding source of concern to the PLNWA, as ā€œBoat Harbour was a really important Miā€™kmaq gathering place and has been used for millennia for harvesting food, harvesting medicines,ā€ explains Dr. Castleden.

Dr. Castledenā€™s research team and the PLNWA subsequently received two grantsā€”one from the Atlantic Aboriginal Health Research Program, the other from the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)ā€”to investigate the toll the contamination of Boat Harbour has taken on residentsā€™ health. These three grants combined amount to just over half a million dollars, and the CIHR grant ranked first in its competition ā€“Ā rare for a first-time applicant.

Dr. Castleden hopes that by 2015, Dalhousie and the PLNWA will have a clear picture of the environmental health toll taken on the communities surrounding Boat Harbour ā€“ and how they can finally address problems that have been brewing for almost fifty years.

Community-centred research


What makes Dr. Castledenā€™s research so important is not only what sheā€™s doing, but how sheā€™s doing it. After only two years at pilipiliĀž»­ā€™s School for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dr. Castleden is making a career out of redefining the parameters of academic research.

In this case, she aims to include local voices and seek local direction in the community-based participatory research she undertakes: her research process is a shared one, and her research team is composed of non-Indigenous and Indigenous scholars and community members. ā€œThe greatest honour for me is to be invited by a community to work with them.ā€

While acknowledging that ā€œuniversity-based research legitimizes some concerns and clarifies things that are useful to the community,ā€ the research Dr. Castledenā€™s team and the PLNWA conduct will not be limited to the conventional academic methods: they will also utilize oral histories, sharing circles, and documentary filmmaking.

ā€œWeā€™re using a combination of indigenous and Western methodsā€¦ we are using Elder Albert Marshallā€™s ā€˜two-eyed seeingā€™ approach to our research to bring the best of western and Indigenous knowledges together to make some sense of the state of health at Boat Harbour.ā€

Furthermore, the PLNWA will be co-owners of the research. ā€œWeā€™re very clear about sharing ownership of the data, which isnā€™t your typical way of going about it by any means.ā€ Such an approach is vital to researchers who are as interested in discovering the emotional, social, and spiritual toll Boat Harbour has taken as the pollutionā€™s physical effects on residents. ā€œWhen they talk about sick, they donā€™t mean just physically sick.ā€

Finding environmental justice


The potential environmental catastrophe encapsulated by Boat Harbour is, to Dr. Castleden, troublingly symptomatic of a wider pattern.

ā€œWhen you look at where the industrial dumping grounds areā€¦ youā€™ll often see them beside First Nations communities,ā€ says Dr. Castleden. ā€œAnd so this becomes a matter of environmental justice. Environmental racism is part of what environmental justice is aboutā€¦ Boat Harbour is not an isolated case.ā€

She points to the infamous case of Ontarioā€™s Grassy Narrows, a community poisoned by an upriver chemical plant that supplied an adjacent pulp and paper mill. ā€œTheyā€ (the residents of Grassy Narrows) ā€œare suffering ill health to this day.ā€ The political aspects of her research do not daunt Dr. Castleden. ā€œThereā€™s a lot of controversyā€¦ around Boat Harbour, but it shouldnā€™t be neglected just because of that. And I think it has been.ā€

Now that theyā€™ve received the grants, where do Dr. Castleden and the PLNWA go from here?

ā€œOur next big step will be to establish a very clear research agreement about how weā€™re going to work together in an ethical and respectful way.ā€ Also, ā€œThe oral histories weā€™re inviting elders to be participating inā€¦ are getting started sooner rather than later, in the interests of time.ā€ The researchers will also start seasonal monitoring of air and water quality and begin conducting ecotoxicology work.

ā€œEssentially, weā€™re going to be doing independent, scholarly baseline research. And we anticipate the need and desire to continue this for years to come.ā€